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| 1877 |
| | | Stanley completes his exploration of the Congo, reaching the Atlantic coast at Boma after a three-year journey | |
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| 1880 |
| | | French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza forestalls Stanley in opening up the Congo, reaching Stanley Pool ahead of him | |
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| 1881 |
| | | Stanley finds Brazza's French tricolor already flying on the north bank of the Congo, on the site of what later becomes Brazzaville | |
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| 1882 |
| | | Stanley establishes a foothold for Leopold II on the southern bank of the Congo, at a site which he names Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) | |
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| 1883 |
| | | Mohammed Ahmed, proclaiming himself the Mahdi, defeats three Egyptian armies in the Sudan | |
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| 1884 |
| | | General Gordon marches south to protect Khartoum from the advancing forces of the Mahdi | |
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| 1884 |
| | | Karl Peters hurries round east Africa persuading chiefs to accept the German emperor as their protector | |
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| 1884 |
| | | British general Garnet Wolseley sails from London on a mission to rescue Gordon, trapped by the Mahdi in Khartoum | |
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| 1885 |
| | | Bismarck grants Karl Peters a charter to rule a German protectorate in east Africa | |
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| 1885 |
| | | Italian troops occupy Eritrea, a province of Ethiopia | |
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